Modelling of surfactant-driven front instabilities in spreading bacterial colonies

The spreading of bacterial colonies at solid-air interfaces is determined by the physico-chemical properties of the involved interfaces. The production of surfactant molecules by bacteria is a widespread strategy that allows the colony to efficiently expand over the substrate. On the one hand, surfactant molecules lower the surface tension of the colony, effectively increasing the wettability of the substrate, which facilitates spreading. On the other hand, gradients in the surface concentration of surfactant molecules result in Marangoni flows that drive spreading. These flows may cause an instability of the circular colony shape and the subsequent formation of fingers. In this work, we study the effect of bacterial surfactant production and substrate wettability on colony growth and shape within the framework of a hydrodynamic thin film model. We show that variations in the wettability and surfactant production are sufficient to reproduce four different types of colony growth, which have been described in the literature, namely, arrested and continuous spreading of circular colonies, slightly modulated front lines and the formation of pronounced fingers

From a thin film model for passive suspensions towards the description of osmotic biofilm spreading

Biofilms are ubiquitous macro-colonies of bacteria that develop at various interfaces (solid-liquid, solid-gas or liquid-gas). The formation of biofilms starts with the attachment of individual bacteria to an interface, where they proliferate and produce a slimy polymeric matrix - two processes that result in colony growth and spreading. Recent experiments on the growth of biofilms on agar substrates under air have shown that for certain bacterial strains, the production of the extracellular matrix and the resulting osmotic influx of nutrient-rich water from the agar into the biofilm are more crucial for the spreading behaviour of a biofilm than the motility of individual bacteria. We present a model which describes the biofilm evolution and the advancing biofilm edge for this spreading mechanism. The model is based on a gradient dynamics formulation for thin films of biologically passive liquid mixtures and suspensions, supplemented by bioactive processes which play a decisive role in the osmotic spreading of biofilms. It explicitly includes the wetting properties of the biofilm on the agar substrate via a disjoining pressure and can therefore give insight into the interplay between passive surface forces and bioactive growth processes

Thin-Film Modelling of Resting and Moving Active Droplets

We propose a generic model for thin films and shallow drops of a polar active liquid that have a free surface and are in contact with a solid substrate. The model couples evolution equations for the film height and the local polarization profile in the form of a gradient dynamics supplemented with active stresses and fluxes. A wetting energy for a partially wetting liquid is incorporated allowing for motion of the liquid-solid-gas contact line. This gives a consistent basis for the description of drops of dense bacterial suspensions or compact aggregates of living cells on solid substrates. As example, we analyze the dynamics of two-dimensional active drops (i.e., ridges) and demonstrate how active forces compete with passive surface forces to shape droplets and drive contact line motion. The model reproduces moving and resting states of polarized droplets: Drops containing domains of opposite polarization are stationary and evolve after long transients into drops with a uniform polarization moving actively over the substrate. In our simple two-dimensional scenario droplet motion sets in at infinitely small self-propulsion force, i.e., it does not need to overcome a critical threshold.Comment: 17 pages, 16 figure

Thin-film modelling of complex fluids and bacterial colonies

Les bactéries se répandent aux interfaces en formant des colonies, qui peuvent être considérées comme des suspensions denses actives. L'objet de cette thèse est le développement et l'analyse de modèles simples pour élucider le rôle des phénomènes physico-chimiques et passifs - tels que l'osmose, la tension de surface et le mouillage - dans l'expansion des colonies bactériennes aux interfaces solide/air. Les modèles sont basés sur une description hydrodynamique des couches minces de suspensions liquides, qui est complété par des processus bioactifs.Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'expansion osmotique des biofilms. Dans ce mécanisme, la bactérie sécrète une matrice polymérique qui agit comme un osmolyte et entraîne un afflux d'eau, riche en nutriments, du substrat humide vers le biofilm. Nous avons constaté que la mouillabilité du substrat est une des déterminantes principales de la vitesse d'expansion du biofilm. En-dessous d'une mouillabilité critique l'expansion s'interrompt, bien que la colonie soit biologiquement active. Cependant, une légère réduction de la tension de surface et une amélioration de la mouillabilité qui en résulte suffisent à induire un étalement continu. Les bactéries peuvent activement contrôler la tension de surface par la production de bio-surfactants.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié l'expansion de colonies bactériennes aidée par des molécules biologiques tensioactives auto-produites. Dans ce mécanisme, des flux de Marangoni résultant d'une concentration non uniforme de molécules tensioactives aux bords de la colonie peuvent favoriser l'expansion coopérative et provoquer une instabilité de la forme axi-symétrique des colonies bactériennes. Notre modèle nous a permis de reproduire quatre modes de développement différentes, à savoir l'étalement arrêté et continu des colonies circulaires, l'étalement des colonies avec des bords légèrement modulées et la formation de doigts prononcés.Dans la dernière partie, nous avons fait un premier pas vers l'incorporation de la motilité actif des bactéries dans notre modèle et présentons donc un modèle phénoménologique pour un film mince active.Bacteria colonise interfaces by the formation of dense aggregates. In this thesis, we develop and analyse simple models to clarify the role of passive physico-chemical forces and processes - such as osmosis, surface tension effects and wettability - in the spreading of bacterial colonies at solid-air interfaces. The models are based on a hydrodynamic description for thin films of liquid suspensions that is supplemented by bioactive processes.We first focus on the osmotic spreading mechanism of bacterial colonies that relies on the generation of osmotic pressure gradients. The bacteria secrete a polymeric matrix which acts as an osmolyte and triggers the influx of nutrient-rich water from the moist substrate into the colony. We find that wettability crucially affects the spreading dynamics. At low wettability, the lateral expansion of the colony is arrested, albeit the colony is biologically active. However, a small reduction of the surface tension and the resulting improvement of the wettability suffices to induce continuous spreading. This can, e.g., result from the production of bio-surfactants by the bacteria.Next, we study passive liquid films covered by insoluble surfactants before developing a model for the surfactant-driven spreading of bacterial colonies. In this spreading mechanism, Marangoni fluxes arising due to a non-uniform surfactant concentration at the edges of the colony drive cooperative spreading and may cause an instability of the circular colony shape. We find that variations in wettability and surfactant production suffice to reproduce four different types of colony growth, namely, arrested and continuous spreading of circular colonies, slightly modulated front lines and the formation of pronounced fingers.In the final part, we take a first step towards the incorporation of active collective bacterial motion in the employed thin-film framework and present a phenomenologically derived model for active polar films

Modélisation de films minces de fluides complexes et de colonies bactériennes

Bacteria colonise interfaces by the formation of dense aggregates. In this thesis, we develop and analyse simple models to clarify the role of passive physico-chemical forces and processes - such as osmosis, surface tension effects and wettability - in the spreading of bacterial colonies at solid-air interfaces. The models are based on a hydrodynamic description for thin films of liquid suspensions that is supplemented by bioactive processes.We first focus on the osmotic spreading mechanism of bacterial colonies that relies on the generation of osmotic pressure gradients. The bacteria secrete a polymeric matrix which acts as an osmolyte and triggers the influx of nutrient-rich water from the moist substrate into the colony. We find that wettability crucially affects the spreading dynamics. At low wettability, the lateral expansion of the colony is arrested, albeit the colony is biologically active. However, a small reduction of the surface tension and the resulting improvement of the wettability suffices to induce continuous spreading. This can, e.g., result from the production of bio-surfactants by the bacteria.Next, we study passive liquid films covered by insoluble surfactants before developing a model for the surfactant-driven spreading of bacterial colonies. In this spreading mechanism, Marangoni fluxes arising due to a non-uniform surfactant concentration at the edges of the colony drive cooperative spreading and may cause an instability of the circular colony shape. We find that variations in wettability and surfactant production suffice to reproduce four different types of colony growth, namely, arrested and continuous spreading of circular colonies, slightly modulated front lines and the formation of pronounced fingers.In the final part, we take a first step towards the incorporation of active collective bacterial motion in the employed thin-film framework and present a phenomenologically derived model for active polar films.Les bactéries se répandent aux interfaces en formant des colonies, qui peuvent être considérées comme des suspensions denses actives. L'objet de cette thèse est le développement et l'analyse de modèles simples pour élucider le rôle des phénomènes physico-chimiques et passifs - tels que l'osmose, la tension de surface et le mouillage - dans l'expansion des colonies bactériennes aux interfaces solide/air. Les modèles sont basés sur une description hydrodynamique des couches minces de suspensions liquides, qui est complété par des processus bioactifs.Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'expansion osmotique des biofilms. Dans ce mécanisme, la bactérie sécrète une matrice polymérique qui agit comme un osmolyte et entraîne un afflux d'eau, riche en nutriments, du substrat humide vers le biofilm. Nous avons constaté que la mouillabilité du substrat est une des déterminantes principales de la vitesse d'expansion du biofilm. En-dessous d'une mouillabilité critique l'expansion s'interrompt, bien que la colonie soit biologiquement active. Cependant, une légère réduction de la tension de surface et une amélioration de la mouillabilité qui en résulte suffisent à induire un étalement continu. Les bactéries peuvent activement contrôler la tension de surface par la production de bio-surfactants.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié l'expansion de colonies bactériennes aidée par des molécules biologiques tensioactives auto-produites. Dans ce mécanisme, des flux de Marangoni résultant d'une concentration non uniforme de molécules tensioactives aux bords de la colonie peuvent favoriser l'expansion coopérative et provoquer une instabilité de la forme axi-symétrique des colonies bactériennes. Notre modèle nous a permis de reproduire quatre modes de développement différentes, à savoir l'étalement arrêté et continu des colonies circulaires, l'étalement des colonies avec des bords légèrement modulées et la formation de doigts prononcés.Dans la dernière partie, nous avons fait un premier pas vers l'incorporation de la motilité actif des bactéries dans notre modèle et présentons donc un modèle phénoménologique pour un film mince active

From a thin film model for passive suspensions towards the description of osmotic biofilm spreading

International audienc

Imprinting characteristics of droplet lenses on liquid-repelling surfaces into light

We propose an experimental method that allows the investigation of droplets on liquid-repelling surfaces. The described technique goes beyond the standard imaging approaches and reveals a plethora of spatial droplet information, which is usually unavailable. Liquid droplet lenses shape the transmitted light field of a Gaussian laser beam passing though them, thereby forming refracted three-dimensional (3D) light landscapes. We investigate numerically and experimentally these 3D landscapes which are customized depending on the droplet shape as well as its refractive index, and demonstrate the encoding of droplet information. This approach can also be applied for analyzing droplets showing high-speed dynamics, in order to reveal even minimal shape deviations. The developed technique complements and therefor extend the existing conventional tools for the investigation of the droplets formed on liquid-repelling surfaces

Equilibrium Contact Angle and Adsorption Layer Properties with Surfactants

International audienc

Thin-Film Modelling of Resting and Moving Active Droplets

17 pages, 16 figuresWe propose a generic model for thin films and shallow drops of a polar active liquid that have a free surface and are in contact with a solid substrate. The model couples evolution equations for the film height and the local polarization profile in the form of a gradient dynamics supplemented with active stresses and fluxes. A wetting energy for a partially wetting liquid is incorporated allowing for motion of the liquid-solid-gas contact line. This gives a consistent basis for the description of drops of dense bacterial suspensions or compact aggregates of living cells on solid substrates. As example, we analyze the dynamics of two-dimensional active drops (i.e., ridges) and demonstrate how active forces compete with passive surface forces to shape droplets and drive contact line motion. The model reproduces moving and resting states of polarized droplets: Drops containing domains of opposite polarization are stationary and evolve after long transients into drops with a uniform polarization moving actively over the substrate. In our simple two-dimensional scenario droplet motion sets in at infinitely small self-propulsion force, i.e., it does not need to overcome a critical threshold

Continuous versus Arrested Spreading of Biofilms at Solid-Gas Interfaces: The Role of Surface Forces

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